Homerische-Motive-in-Vergils-Aeneis [überarbeitete und fortlaufend ergänzte Fassung aus: Der Altsprachliche Unterricht 49, 2+3 (2006), 104-107; → auch Scrinium 55, 3 (2010), 23]
Homerische Motive und Entsprechungen in Vergils Aeneis
von Michael P. Schmude, Boppard
[Die vollständige Fassung des hier nur angerissenen Artikels findet sich unter obenstehendem (grünen) Link → auf der ‚Innenseite‘ …]
Vergil sucht durchgängig in der Odyssee- wie Iliashälfte seiner <Aeneis> zugleich Berührung mit seinem Vorbild Homer wie Kontrast: Stationen der <Odyssee>, auch wo die eigene Route dies nicht unbedingt verlangt (Insel der Kyklopen), Bauteile der <Ilias>, auch welche die Handlungsführung der <Aeneis> nicht zwingend fordert (Nisus/Euryalus-Episode – Homers ‚Dolonie‘), Personen- und Handlungskonstellationen mit (mehr oder minder) unmittelbarem homerischen Hintergrund, um sie dann aber eben gerade anders als das offenkundige Vorbild, ganz auf seine eigene Weise zu gestalten.
Eine Sammlung solcher Textpassagen, in denen Vergil Homer bzw. den <Epischen Kyklos> zitiert und seinen Darstellungsabsichten verfügbar macht, möchte die folgende Übersicht bieten, als Grundlage und für eine mögliche Auswahl eines Lektüreganges unter dem Gesichtspunkt „Vergil und Homer – Vorbild und Neugestaltung“. Eine Unterrichtsreihe in diesem Sinne ist grundsätzlich in jedem altsprachlichen Oberstufenkurs denkbar, vor Allem aber wohl auf Leistungsniveau, und ideal, wenn dieser Latein-Leistungskurs mit möglichst vielen auch Griechisch-SchülerInnen besetzt ist. Der Überblick kann aber ebenso den KollegInnen einen bequemen Zugriff auf Einzelsequenzen an die Hand geben, um mittels der Lektüre ausgewählter, begrenzter Beispiele (ggfs. auch in Übersetzung) Vergils Vorgehensweise im Ganzen zu erarbeiten.
Von Eris zu Fama zu Gloria [aus: Scrinium 55, 3 (2010), 23]
„Die rastlos suchende Zwietracht, des männermordenden Ares leibliche Schwester und Gefährtin, die zuerst noch klein sich erhebt, darauf aber das Haupt an den Himmel drängt und auf der Erde wandelt – die warf ihnen auch jetzt den Streit ohne Unterschied mitten unter, das Schlachtgetümmel abschreitend, das Stöhnen der Männer nährend“ – so beschreibt Homer (Il. 4, 440-45) das Aufsteigen der Dämonin Eris aus kleinen Anfängen zum wahllos verderbenden Monstrum (die in den Kyprien mittelbar schon den Anlaß zum trojanischen Krieg liefert). Ebendieses homerische Motiv überträgt und wandelt Vergil in der für ihn ganz typischen Weise1 ab, um das schneeballmäßig-geschwinde Anschwellen der Gerüchteküche um Dido und den fremden Ankömmling und potentiellen Geliebten Aeneas im neuerstehenden Karthago (Aen. 4, 174-77) für seinen eigenen Zweck zu veranschaulichen: „Fama […] mobilitate viget virisque adquirit eundo; parva metu primo, mox sese attollit in auras ingrediturque solo et caput inter nubila condit“ – entsprechend die lithographische Darstellung der Gigantin „Das Gerücht“ von A. Paul Weber (1943/53)2, und auch in Ovids Metamorphosen wächst sie wie die Eris Homers aus kleinstem Beginn durch ihr Werk – eine Mélange von Lügen – an (9, 137-39; auch 12, 54 und Aen. 4, 190), „quae veris addere falsa gaudet et e minimo sua per mendacia crescit“3.
Ihr zwiespältiges Wesen noch bei Isidor von Sevilla (Etym. 5, 27, 26 f.: fama felicitatis — malarum fama … nomen certilocum non habet, adiciens multa vel demutans de veritate)4 ‚spezialisiert‘ sich in der Folgezeit gleichwohl in eine Allegorie des Ruhms und mündet insbes. im 18. Jh. synkretistisch in die Verwandtschaft einer Curiosità oder Gloria. Mit dem Aufkommen des Mediums Presse kehrt das sensationslüsterne Moment zurück, und der Bogen spannt sich im 19. und 20. Jh. wieder hin zur dämonischen Seite in der Sensationsnachricht von Zeitung und Internet – wie unlängst die Literaturwissenschaftlerin Uta Kornmeier in einem Vortrag im Berliner Museum für Kommunikation nachgezeichnet hat5.
1Vgl. AU 49, 2+3 / 2006, S. 104-107.
2In der Aeneis-Ausgabe von E. Bury (Stuttgart/Klett 1987 ff. [Rote Reihe]), S. 45.
3Val. Flacc. Arg. 2, 116-20; Stat. Theb. 3, 426/30; Lucr. Rer. nat. 6, 341.
4Weiter Etym. 2, 30, 2; Diff. 1, 218 gloria … virtutum est, fama vitiorum.
5Vgl. FAZ vom 08.12.2010, S. N3.
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